# Global Fire Emissions Database version 5 (GFED5) summary table. Data available for 1997-2024. # Please see www.globalfiredata.org for more information or contact guido.vanderwerf@wur.nl # Note that fire emission estimates carry substantial uncertainty # # SO2 emissions estimates in 1E9 g SO2 for the globe, different regions, and different fire types All fire types combined: Year (Beta) (Beta) '97-'24 Region 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 | Mean BONA 109 240 101 121 57 106 74 248 121 83 66 67 74 132 81 81 176 143 222 58 132 75 105 20 122 125 684 295 | 140 TENA 52 69 60 65 50 41 53 43 55 68 79 70 47 46 73 70 47 51 69 62 88 74 39 127 89 58 55 66 | 64 CEAM 121 464 118 208 162 170 192 116 197 135 140 160 177 130 229 127 184 101 139 174 193 133 187 175 138 133 193 201 | 172 NHSA 80 98 55 79 80 50 91 75 56 51 80 57 57 59 33 44 57 68 68 105 46 77 96 91 38 62 74 112 | 70 SHSA 780 732 749 439 517 498 660 882 916 681 960 649 488 811 457 616 410 453 654 583 681 391 606 771 590 679 618 935 | 651 EURO 38 46 33 66 54 24 37 36 39 33 44 34 27 22 42 47 26 21 23 28 56 24 32 21 26 32 19 21 | 34 MIDE 10 23 16 10 16 13 14 14 14 17 19 12 26 22 22 16 19 16 24 23 19 12 20 21 16 10 15 16 | 17 NHAF 1534 1967 1673 2063 1451 1420 1393 1462 1493 1244 1471 1540 1301 1276 1428 1372 1269 1250 1411 1706 1495 1303 1144 1441 1322 1253 1293 1416 | 1443 SHAF 1562 2042 1508 1513 2036 1957 1848 1708 1921 1633 1695 1854 1855 1914 1833 1819 1992 1795 1965 1975 1842 1768 1842 1811 1905 1749 1930 1857 | 1826 BOAS 263 548 274 326 360 491 708 211 274 383 224 419 298 322 353 726 351 370 218 451 246 322 489 544 553 225 279 287 | 376 TEAS 197 161 124 137 243 254 187 209 230 217 229 292 228 180 132 158 129 240 209 125 192 130 163 152 102 104 103 108 | 177 SEAS 484 699 634 453 493 380 608 780 602 562 691 554 714 800 520 739 697 699 624 759 538 528 786 708 743 442 749 636 | 630 EQAS 2622 702 304 317 112 303 207 459 239 857 107 105 419 65 280 325 158 641 1061 87 42 165 550 43 31 22 222 52 | 375 AUST 295 295 572 594 594 424 276 409 241 376 340 224 322 173 499 446 254 316 319 251 370 384 568 307 238 218 475 264 | 359 Global 8154 8094 6229 6399 6231 6138 6354 6657 6405 6347 6150 6044 6039 5960 5988 6592 5778 6171 7013 6391 5948 5393 6631 6239 5919 5117 6717 6274 | 6335 Savanna, grassland, and shrubland fires: BONA 4 6 5 5 0 0 2 1 1 1 2 0 2 6 0 1 0 3 1 0 13 9 0 0 8 1 8 2 | 3 TENA 26 34 29 34 20 16 22 17 24 36 45 29 22 17 40 37 22 21 29 30 40 36 18 46 43 28 20 32 | 29 CEAM 86 348 83 157 129 135 136 82 143 96 103 118 130 98 159 95 138 75 106 134 146 99 139 131 101 99 137 135 | 127 NHSA 57 66 39 57 64 40 60 55 45 41 61 43 43 40 25 31 43 49 46 57 35 57 60 67 30 43 53 72 | 50 SHSA 476 464 430 269 388 356 448 519 532 430 641 430 323 541 340 434 315 344 442 401 466 269 366 440 362 380 356 418 | 414 EURO 18 22 14 32 9 6 16 9 18 11 20 7 10 8 14 23 10 5 9 11 31 6 10 9 10 16 7 9 | 14 MIDE 1 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 2 2 1 4 2 3 2 3 4 1 2 4 4 2 2 3 | 3 NHAF 1349 1794 1523 1878 1291 1280 1247 1313 1341 1113 1319 1400 1175 1153 1293 1247 1162 1142 1283 1550 1362 1185 1027 1300 1192 1126 1143 1248 | 1302 SHAF 1494 1940 1438 1440 1989 1914 1773 1632 1823 1557 1629 1779 1768 1831 1755 1739 1891 1719 1856 1868 1757 1681 1738 1739 1804 1671 1837 1731 | 1743 BOAS 61 83 50 57 82 76 112 78 51 91 56 101 67 77 59 56 27 67 44 33 30 37 36 34 47 50 50 22 | 59 TEAS 96 81 55 63 68 103 88 96 88 92 84 94 76 74 50 64 45 80 76 42 68 48 65 59 44 42 36 28 | 68 SEAS 390 575 510 348 419 311 517 651 494 479 577 465 607 671 432 627 584 582 510 625 452 434 657 581 625 363 628 523 | 523 EQAS 199 100 45 50 13 30 18 42 27 65 22 21 44 13 31 34 22 52 77 11 6 16 32 5 4 4 21 9 | 37 AUST 245 252 517 539 554 384 206 363 202 306 300 197 256 142 463 407 198 268 264 192 310 330 261 171 211 195 434 227 | 300 Global 4509 5775 4746 4937 5033 4659 4652 4865 4795 4326 4868 4693 4531 4680 4669 4805 4464 4417 4750 4965 4726 4217 4419 4592 4492 4027 4740 4465 | 4673 Boreal forest fires: BONA 47 167 62 47 27 84 55 240 108 72 53 55 62 113 73 71 161 123 206 49 96 48 99 10 92 118 645 278 | 117 TENA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 CEAM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 EURO 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 | 1 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 BOAS 172 427 197 242 198 321 523 69 168 214 120 247 175 184 247 588 300 257 150 391 189 258 415 474 472 140 198 252 | 272 TEAS 16 12 5 8 3 8 3 0 1 3 13 11 4 1 1 9 0 0 2 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 | 4 SEAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 EQAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 AUST 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 Global 238 609 266 299 229 415 584 311 278 291 188 315 243 300 322 671 463 383 359 441 290 310 517 486 566 259 845 534 | 394 Temperate forest fires: BONA 2 3 2 2 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 2 1 0 5 10 0 0 11 2 13 3 | 3 TENA 11 15 14 14 6 9 8 6 6 11 12 19 6 5 11 9 9 11 18 12 28 22 6 59 31 14 17 16 | 15 CEAM 3 18 9 10 4 2 3 1 6 5 3 6 3 2 21 6 6 1 0 3 7 5 7 2 8 5 6 6 | 6 NHSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHSA 1 2 3 1 1 1 5 11 7 8 5 5 5 2 3 4 3 5 9 5 19 3 5 8 8 6 16 4 | 6 EURO 3 3 2 5 1 1 3 1 2 2 3 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 9 1 2 2 4 6 2 3 | 3 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 | 1 NHAF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 SHAF 4 11 8 6 1 0 1 1 2 1 3 3 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 4 2 1 1 1 2 4 | 3 BOAS 9 15 10 8 17 19 20 20 10 25 12 22 20 25 13 10 5 19 10 7 8 13 10 6 15 11 13 5 | 14 TEAS 15 11 10 10 8 5 7 10 8 9 11 15 14 15 8 5 11 15 11 8 9 9 11 13 10 13 11 11 | 11 SEAS 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 2 | 1 EQAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 AUST 37 26 37 41 23 24 61 22 21 49 35 20 53 17 15 19 42 30 36 44 33 37 285 128 15 14 25 25 | 44 Global 90 109 100 102 66 65 115 77 67 115 90 96 110 75 79 67 84 90 94 91 129 109 333 224 112 78 111 84 | 106 Tropical forest fires: BONA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 TENA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 CEAM 9 48 7 17 7 11 25 6 18 13 11 13 19 9 23 7 17 7 14 13 15 8 17 20 10 9 23 36 | 16 NHSA 6 11 4 6 6 2 13 5 2 2 8 3 4 5 2 2 3 5 6 16 3 7 16 7 2 6 6 18 | 7 SHSA 221 179 216 109 76 86 138 245 283 163 238 111 75 188 62 93 48 68 144 105 132 75 132 162 122 201 159 387 | 151 EURO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 MIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 NHAF 30 29 22 34 10 8 14 21 23 18 26 20 19 20 27 26 15 21 30 45 32 26 30 46 42 37 53 62 | 29 SHAF 14 22 13 15 17 11 21 28 34 27 18 23 39 31 27 30 45 30 43 46 31 38 30 33 49 29 45 56 | 31 BOAS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 TEAS 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 1 SEAS 19 43 36 24 21 15 35 53 41 34 50 32 45 64 31 45 46 49 39 48 22 23 49 49 40 19 52 39 | 39 EQAS 164 62 28 31 8 21 12 30 25 54 11 11 34 6 12 15 11 35 60 6 2 5 20 2 2 2 7 3 | 25 AUST 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 Global 466 398 331 241 149 160 264 393 431 316 366 216 239 328 188 224 190 220 340 283 241 187 297 321 270 306 349 604 | 298 Peat fires: BONA 2 7 1 1 3 3 6 1 1 1 1 2 0 2 0 1 9 6 2 0 5 1 0 0 3 1 12 7 | 3 TENA 1 2 2 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | 2 CEAM 6 21 5 7 3 2 8 3 8 3 6 4 5 3 6 3 5 4 4 5 4 5 7 6 3 2 8 7 | 6 NHSA 13 18 10 13 8 5 15 12 7 6 9 9 8 12 4 9 9 12 13 29 6 11 17 15 4 11 12 20 | 12 SHSA 54 60 71 42 25 28 34 75 68 54 45 76 63 52 28 67 26 20 44 54 46 26 85 137 81 78 75 105 | 58 EURO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 MIDE 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 1 NHAF 29 33 27 34 7 6 16 15 16 15 21 18 19 21 20 18 17 18 23 26 21 21 24 22 20 26 19 26 | 21 SHAF 31 41 28 32 10 12 35 31 44 33 28 32 30 33 33 33 40 29 49 46 38 32 59 25 37 37 32 54 | 35 BOAS 1 3 1 3 6 3 7 9 8 8 3 1 2 1 5 50 10 1 1 6 2 2 3 10 2 4 6 4 | 6 TEAS 2 2 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 5 5 2 | 3 SEAS 13 27 24 20 6 7 16 24 19 14 18 13 17 21 13 15 21 17 24 27 12 14 25 24 16 11 17 19 | 18 EQAS 2242 533 226 231 85 244 172 380 183 730 70 69 336 44 234 272 123 550 919 68 31 140 491 33 23 14 189 37 | 310 AUST 1 1 2 2 1 2 3 1 2 2 2 1 2 0 1 1 2 3 2 2 1 2 10 2 0 0 1 0 | 2 Global 2404 756 404 395 162 316 319 561 365 875 213 235 493 200 355 479 271 670 1094 273 177 263 732 283 201 195 382 287 | 478 Agricultural waste burning: BONA 53 55 29 64 26 17 7 3 8 6 7 8 6 8 6 6 5 8 10 7 11 5 3 8 6 2 4 4 | 14 TENA 13 16 13 14 21 15 21 17 23 18 19 19 17 22 18 20 14 15 20 18 17 13 13 19 13 13 16 16 | 17 CEAM 14 28 12 15 16 19 17 21 21 16 16 18 19 16 18 13 17 13 13 16 19 14 16 15 14 15 18 15 | 17 NHSA 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 | 1 SHSA 26 25 27 17 25 24 32 30 24 24 29 25 20 25 21 16 16 14 13 16 16 14 16 23 14 12 10 18 | 21 EURO 15 19 15 27 42 15 17 24 17 18 18 25 14 12 24 19 12 12 10 13 14 14 18 9 9 8 7 5 | 17 MIDE 6 17 12 7 13 11 11 11 10 12 13 7 22 17 18 8 14 10 20 16 11 9 16 15 8 6 11 13 | 13 NHAF 124 109 101 115 141 125 114 112 111 96 103 101 86 80 85 79 74 68 74 83 79 69 61 71 68 62 76 79 | 91 SHAF 17 26 19 19 18 17 16 14 16 13 16 16 15 15 15 14 14 13 13 11 11 10 10 10 10 9 12 10 | 15 BOAS 18 18 14 14 55 70 43 33 35 43 31 46 32 33 26 20 7 26 12 12 15 10 23 17 16 18 10 3 | 26 TEAS 66 53 51 52 160 134 85 98 129 110 116 168 128 86 70 73 68 139 114 72 109 69 79 75 42 41 48 65 | 90 SEAS 58 51 62 60 45 45 38 49 47 33 44 40 42 42 42 48 45 47 49 55 50 54 53 53 58 47 51 51 | 49 EQAS 15 5 4 4 4 7 4 5 3 6 2 2 3 0 2 2 1 3 4 1 1 2 4 1 0 0 3 1 | 4 AUST 10 14 14 9 14 12 4 21 14 18 2 5 9 12 19 16 9 14 15 11 24 12 10 4 10 8 14 11 | 12 Global 445 446 380 423 588 520 417 447 467 421 422 487 420 374 373 344 303 389 374 337 383 304 331 329 275 249 288 297 | 387